pentadecapeptide raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2025-10-19. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
The molecule carries 15 residues, a molar mass near 1419.5 g/mol, and the formula C62H98N16O22. Its structure features a proline-rich central region, a pair of adjacent aspartic acid residues, and no cysteine. The absence of cysteine means no disulfide bonds can form, which simplifies refolding and reconstitution. Suppliers usually ship the material as a freeze-dried powder that appears white to off-white. It dissolves readily in water and in saline solutions.
Published storage guidance follows general peptide practice rather than product-specific studies. The dry powder is typically kept at minus 20 degrees Celsius, away from light and moisture. Once reconstituted, solutions are generally refrigerated and used over days to weeks, because the aqueous environment slowly promotes hydrolysis and oxidation. Long-term data on degradation rates or breakdown products are sparse. Stated shelf lives from different producers vary widely, reflecting the absence of a shared reference standard.
Direct human evidence is scarce. One trial in ulcerative colitis delivered the compound by enema and produced limited publicly reported results without a clear benefit. The compound is not an approved medicine in most jurisdictions. In many markets it is sold as a research chemical; in others it falls under prescription or controlled categories. Regulators have not confirmed any claimed medical use, and product labels rarely undergo premarket review.
Most published reports describe experiments in rodents rather than in people. These studies examine outcomes in tendons, ligaments, bone, stomach lining, and intestinal tissue. In rat and mouse models, a frequently reported effect is faster healing or reduced damage. Sample sizes are usually small, and a substantial share of the work originates from a small number of research groups. Independent replication is limited, so how far the findings extend to humans remains an open question.
Proposed mechanisms in the literature involve the nitric oxide system, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways. Some studies report changes in blood vessel formation or in inflammatory mediators, while others describe interactions with nervous tissue. Much of this evidence rests on molecular markers in cultured cells or animal models. Whether the same pathways operate the same way in humans has not been established. Authors therefore tend to describe mechanisms as hypothetical rather than settled.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molar mass | Approximately 1419.5 g/mol | Calculated from the reported 15-residue sequence |
| Molecular formula | C62H98N16O22 | Based on the same sequence |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical of a lyophilized preparation |
| Solubility class | Freely soluble in water | Also dissolves in saline solutions |
| Typical storage temperature | Minus 20 degrees Celsius, dry | Refrigeration advised after reconstitution |
Evidence in humans is limited. Small clinical studies have examined the peptide in contexts such as ulcerative colitis and wound healing, but participant numbers are small and independent replication is scarce. It is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies and is distributed mainly as a research material or compounded preparation. Long-term human safety data are not established, and questions about absorption through non-injected routes remain open rather than resolved. Claims about its effects are best read against these gaps.
BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide of fifteen amino acids, written in single-letter code as GEPPPGKPADDAGLV. The sequence corresponds to a partial fragment of a protein isolated from human gastric juice, described in early reports as body protection compound. The number 157 refers to a fragment designation in that work rather than to molecular mass. Initial descriptions appeared in the early 1990s, when the fragment was reported to protect gastrointestinal tissue in animal models. Commercial material is produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis rather than extracted from biological sources.
Lyophilized material is generally reported as stable for extended periods when kept cold, dry, and protected from light. In solution, the main degradation routes for a peptide of this type are hydrolysis of peptide bonds and aggregation. The sequence contains no cysteine, so disulfide-driven oxidation is not a primary concern, though methionine and tryptophan are also absent. Stability depends on pH, buffer composition, and concentration, with acidic conditions often reported as more favorable than neutral or alkaline ones. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can promote aggregation, and how fast degradation proceeds at room temperature in specific formulations remains an open question.
Handling practice centers on limiting moisture, heat, and mechanical stress. Powder is typically allowed to reach room temperature before opening so that condensation does not form on the contents, and solutions are prepared with sterile or low-particulate water. Peptides can adsorb to certain plastics and membrane filters, so container and filter material is sometimes specified to reduce losses at low concentrations. Working aliquots are usually frozen separately rather than sampled repeatedly from one stock. Recording lot number, preparation date, and storage conditions supports later comparison between experiments.
Identity and purity are usually assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, which separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and other synthesis by-products. Mass spectrometry, typically electrospray ionization coupled to liquid chromatography, confirms the expected mass and helps detect modifications. Amino acid analysis can verify composition when residue-level confirmation is needed. Because common impurities differ from the target by only one or two residues, chromatographic resolution often matters more than a single headline purity percentage. Impurity profiles are most informative when compared against a validated reference standard.
Peritenon (from peri-: around, tenon: tendon) is the connective tissue sheath surrounding a tendon. Inflammation of a peritenon is called "peritendinitis" or "peritenonitis". Although Achilles tendon has no synovial sheath, it has a peritenon instead which has the same function.
(The total force applied to the longer dam will be greater, due to the greater total surface area for the pressure to act upon. But for a given 5-foot (1.5 m)-wide section of each dam, the 10 ft (3.0 m) deep water will apply one quarter the force of 20 ft (6.1 m) deep water). A person will feel the same pressure whether their head is dunked a metre beneath the surface of the water in a small pool or to the same depth in the middle of a large lake. If four interconnected vases contain different amounts of water but are all filled to equal depths, then a fish with its head dunked a few centimetres under the surface will be acted on by water pressure that is the same in any of the vases. If the fish swims a few centimetres deeper, the pressure on the fish will increase with depth and be the same no matter which vase the fish is in. If the fish swims to the bottom, the pressure will be greater, but it makes no difference which vase it is in. All vases are filled to equal depths, so the water pressure is the same at the bottom of each vase, regardless of its shape or volume. If water pressure at the bottom of a vase were greater than water pressure at the bottom of a neighboring vase, the greater pressure would force water sideways and then up the neighboring vase to a higher level until the pressures at the bottom were equalized. Pressure is depth dependent, not volume dependent, so there is a reason that water seeks its own level. Restating this as an energy equation, the energy per unit volume in an ideal, incompressible liquid is constant throughout its vessel.
Michael George Hibberd (born 3 January 1990) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A defender, 1.87 metres (6 ft 2 in) tall and weighing 94 kilograms (207 lb), Hibberd plays primarily on the half-back flank. After spending the 2008 season with the Dandenong Stingrays in the TAC Cup, he missed out on selection in the 2008 AFL draft, which saw him spend two seasons in the Victorian Football League (VFL) with the Frankston Football Club. After winning Frankston's best and fairest and the Fothergill–Round Medal as the VFL's most promising young player in 2010, he was recruited by the Essendon Football Club with the fourth selection in the 2011 pre-season draft. Hibberd made his AFL debut during the 2011 season and in the same year, he was forced to miss the second half of the year after a club-imposed suspension due to an assault charge. His next four years at the club saw him rewarded with the club rising star award and three top-ten finishes in the best and fairest count. After being suspended for the entire 2016 season due to his involvement in the Essendon supplements saga, he was traded to the Melbourne Football Club during the 2016 trade period. His first season with Melbourne saw him receive All-Australian honours and represent Australia in the International Rules Series.
Economist Martin Wolf explained in July 2012 that government fiscal balance is one of three major financial sectoral balances in the U.S. economy, the others being the foreign financial sector and the private financial sector. The sum of the surpluses or deficits across these three sectors must be zero by definition. Since the foreign and private sectors are in surplus, the government sector must be in deficit. Wolf argued that the sudden shift in the private sector from deficit to surplus due to the global economic conditions forced the government balance into deficit, writing: "The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 percent of gross domestic product between the third quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2009, which was when the financial deficit of US government (federal and state) reached its peak...No fiscal policy changes explain the collapse into massive fiscal deficit between 2007 and 2009, because there was none of any importance. The collapse is explained by the massive shift of the private sector from financial deficit into surplus or, in other words, from boom to bust." Economist Paul Krugman also explained in December 2011 the causes of the sizable shift from private sector deficit to surplus: "This huge move into surplus reflects the end of the housing bubble, a sharp rise in household saving, and a slump in business investment due to lack of customers."
Cells containing vector with an insert may be identified using blue/white selection by growing cells in media containing an analogue of galactose (X-gal). Cells expressing β-galactosidase (therefore does not contain an insert) appear as blue colonies. White colonies would be selected as those that may contain an insert. Other commonly used reporters include green fluorescent protein and luciferase. Targeting sequence: Expression vectors may include encoding for a targeting sequence in the finished protein that directs the expressed protein to a specific organelle in the cell or specific location such as the periplasmic space of bacteria. Protein purification tags: Some expression vectors include proteins or peptide sequences that allows for easier purification of the expressed protein. Examples include polyhistidine-tag, glutathione-S-transferase, and maltose binding protein. Some of these tags may also allow for increased solubility of the target protein. The target protein is fused to the protein tag, but a protease cleavage site positioned in the polypeptide linker region between the protein and the tag allows the tag to be removed later.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Technology development == The roots of liquid chromatography extend back over a century ago to 1900, when Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvet began experimenting with plant pigments in chlorophyll. He noted that, when a solvent was applied, distinct bands appeared that migrated at different rates along a stationary phase. For this new observation, he coined the term “chromatography,” a colored picture. His first lecture on the subject was presented in 1903, but his most important contribution occurred three years later, in 1906, when the paper “Adsorption analysis and chromatographic method. Applications on the chemistry of chlorophyll,” was published. Rivalry with a colleague who readily and vocally denounced his work meant that chromatographic analysis was shelved for almost 25 years. The great irony of the matter is that it was his rival's students who later took up the chromatography banner in their work with carotins. Greatly unchanged from Tswett's time until the 1940s, normal phase chromatography was performed by passing a gravity-fed solvent through small glass tubes packed with pellicular adsorbent beads. It was in the 1940s, however, that there was a great revolution in gas chromatography (GC). Although GC was a wonderful technique for analyzing inorganic compounds, less than 20% of organic molecules are able to be separated using this technique. It was Richard Synge, who in 1952 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with partition chromatography, who applied the theoretical knowledge gained from his work in GC to LC.
Warden III, who largely planned the USAF attacks; within ten minutes of the attacks by 21 F117 aircraft on 38 targets, Iraq had lost its communications and radar; Lt-Col David Deptula; in the first wave were 4 Saudi Arabian Tornado aircraft, 4 Grumman A-6 Intruder and SEAD McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel V aircraft, 5 Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler aircraft to provide electronic jamming of the Iraq airspace, and 21 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, each which dropped the AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missile, to destroy the Iraq surface to air missile capability; Tomahawk missiles were fired from battleships in the Gulf and submarines in the Red Sea; the General Dynamics F-111 had around four thousand gallons of fuel; before advanced guidance systems for munitions, munitions would land according to the circular error probability, which was around a half-mile for a B-17 in World War II; the first laser-guided munitions were the Pave Tack system, which debuted on the F-111 in 1982, first deployed by F-111 aircraft from RAF Lakenheath; Duncan Lennox, editor of Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems; Theodore Postol; on one evening, twenty-eight MIM-104 Patriot missiles were launched against five ballistic missiles, which had broken up on re-entry to the earth's atmosphere - hitting any of these fractured ballistic missiles was almost impossible, due to the unforeseen changing aerodynamics; Lt-Col George Cusimano, deputy director of the USAF joint; the joint also deployed synthetic-aperture radar, to give a fuller view of ground forces, from the AN/APG-76 Doppler radar; the ground picture could be relayed to ground forces, such as in the Battle of Khafji on 29 January 1991; Royal Scots 1st Battalion, with GKN Warrior tracked armoured vehicles and Major John Potter; the experimental Ferranti TIALD laser-guided munitions were deployed by RAF Panavia Tornado aircraft to destroy Iraq hardened aircraft shelters in February 1991; 39th Regiment Royal Artillery deployed the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS); the land battle began on 24 February 1991, watched by the DOAE in Surrey; the land war did not last long, and on 26 February 1991 retreating Iraqi vehicles and tanks were systematically destroyed by AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, launched from undetected Boeing AH-64 Apache helicopters, resulting in total destruction; the USS Wisconsin battleship fired at Failaka Island, with surveillance provided by its AAI RQ-2 Pioneer drone. Narrated by Edward Hardwicke, directed by Chris Haws, produced by Richard Melman, made by InCA Productions 18 August The Healing Mind, about the field of psychoneuroimmunology; psychiatrist Janice Kielcolt-Glaser of Ohio State University College of Medicine; psychologist Barrie R. Cassileth; chemical pathologist Malcolm Carruthers takes a blood sample from a candidate, who has been driven around Brands Hatch at 115 mph; Theodore Melnechuk of the University of California; the body's immune system - the phagocytes destroy foreign bacteria, the natural killer cells destroy the body's own cells that are too damaged, and the lymphocyte T cells and B cells remember pathogens, with a corresponding antibody; experimental psychologist Robert Ader of the University of Rochester Medical Center conducted research on rats in 1975, with cyclophosphamide, which weakens the immune system, and immunologist Nicholas Cohen; prolonged secretion of endogenous opioid peptides may lower the immune function; neuroscientist David L. Felten of the University of Rochester; psychoimmunologist Nick Hall of the University of South Florida College of Medicine and an experiment with drama students, where lowering of T cells was found; Kathleen Dillon of Western New England College, where an experiment measured Ig A of candidates who watched types of television content, and found that Ig A temporarily increased with amusing content; psychiatrist Fawzy Fawzy of the University of California; psychiatrist Margaret Kemeny of UCLA. Narrated by Geoff Watts (of Radio 4's former Science Now series, produced by Geoff Deehan in the 1970s), directed by Yavar Abbas, produced by Geoff Deehan, made by Sandlin Productions 25 August Spacesuit, the spacesuits that astronauts wore during the Apollo missions to the Moon, and whether such spacesuits would be advanced enough to be worn for future missions to Mars; by 2020, NASA expected to have landed on Mars; at sea-level, air pressure is 14 PSI; ILC Dover in Newark, Delaware has made all NASA spacesuits since the late 1960s; medical research at the Ames Research Center; Joe Kosmo, head of NASA spacesuit design; the invention of the defecation-mitten by Matthew Radnofsky; Bruce Webbon of the Ames Research Centre; the Johnson Space Center also worked on suit design. Directed by Patrick Uden, made by Uden Associates 1 September The Falls, about the Niagara Falls. Produced by Clare Odgers, made by the National Film Board of Canada and Primitive Features 8 September Re-inventing Japan, looking at Japan's success in applied science, contrasted with less success in pure science and whether Japan could enhance its pure science industry enough, which has connections with a country's own cultural values and outlook, and how Britain has excelled in pure science, but how much that university funding cuts could erode Britain's prowess in pure science; Japan few Nobel prizes, but excelled at applied science and exploiting others' research by reverse engineering; Canon had £6bn of sales, of which 40% were photocopiers, such as the L5; Hajime Mitarai, research director of Canon, and how Canon had eight product divisions, with their own engineering staff in each division, with process physicists and inorganic chemists; with Western science innovations, it often came from a set of individuals, whereas Japan's innovation culture revolved around much intense group cooperation, not individuals; Japan had only won five Nobel prizes since the 1950s - the US had won 135; a youthful Matt Ridley of The Economist; Fujitsu was the world's second-largest manufacturer of computers, and had bought ICL (which had been Ferranti) in 1990, and sold £10bn a year; Naoki Yokoyama and Takahiko Misugi of Fujitsu; Japan could not rely on other countries research anymore, and had to conduct more in-house research; Japan's culture was not greatly known for originality or taking risks, or being surprised; pathologist Sir Anthony Epstein and how Japan greatly revered tradition, and conformity, possibly viewing anyone who didn't likewise confirm as troublesome; electrical engineer Hiroya Fujisaki, of Tokyo University and known for the Fujisaki model, and that he thought that Japan's culture had historically eroded originality; the national research organisation Riken was formed in 1917, and made great progress, with a large cyclotron, and visited by Einstein in December 1922, but the US was suspicious after the war, and destroyed Riken's cyclotron; Minoru Oda, head of Riken from 1988 to 1993; the US distrusted Japan, and preferred Japan to work on mainly applied science; physicist Akira Tonomura at the Hitachi Advanced Laboratory, which had the world's largest electron microscope; Shojiro Asai of Hitachi; the Canon Advanced Research Laboratory; the Tsukuba Science City and the University of Tsukuba, built by the Japanese government for £6bn, and home of the Japanese ERATO science innovation agency; Genya Chiba, director of ERATO; Michio Nagai, former minister of education in the mid-1970s. Directed by Bob Bee, produced by Michael Wills (later Labour MP from 1997 to 2010 for North Swindon), and made by Juniper Productions 13 September Theme Park Heaven, Walt Disney; Sylvère Lotringer of Columbia University; Arrow Dynamics of California, with Dal Freeman Ron Toomer; David Lewis; Cedar Point, built by Custom Coasters International of Cincinnati; Eric Westin of Walt Disney Imagineering, and the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad ride; Marc Davis, who drew Tinkerbell in Peter Pan, and who worked on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, which opened in 1967; Larry Lester and David Codiga of Universal Studios, and their earthquake Studio Tour and Backdraft rides; Dreamland in 1912; psychologist Timothy Leary; Douglas Trumbull and the Back to the Future: The Ride and Luxor Las Vegas; Stan Kinsey of SimEx-Iwerks; Michael Ryder and Thom Dickeson of Evans & Sutherland, and texture mapping onto polygons, a main feature of transportation simulations; Bob Stone of the Advanced Robotics Research Centre at the University of Salford. Narrated by Richard O'Brien, produced by Jerome Kuehl, directed by Graham Moore, made with WGBH and Open Media 22 September The Professor's New Clothes, a re-broadcast of an Australian documentary about Professor Vishwa Jit Gupta of Panjab University and his fraudulent work about paleontology of the Himalayas. Directed by Stephen Ramsey, produced by Janet Bell, and made by Film Australia 29 September The Gambler's Guide to Winning, the ways of deploying mathematical techniques to win in gambling, with probability theory methods developed by Prof Edward O. Thorp of University of California, Irvine; the disastrous 1967 Grand National, where nearly all the horses fell at the 23rd fence; Frank Honywill George of Brunel University; Ralph Abraham of University of California, Santa Cruz; Peter A. Griffin of California State University, Sacramento; the gambler's fallacy; J. Doyne Farmer of the Santa Fe Institute. Narrated by Andrew Burt, directed by Julian Nott (son of the Conservative former defence secretary Sir John Nott, who later composed the music for Wallace and Gromit films such as The Wrong Trousers), produced by Jenny Barraclough, made by Peninsula Films 6 October Superpowers?, with Ray Hyman, about the international group of sceptics Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, who dispute topics such as UFOs, made by Open Media 13 October The Lean Burn Machine, about the development of catalytic converters for automotive engines, and how they cause more fuel to be burned than before, and the British engineer Geoffrey West who has produced an alternative, but faced restrictions from EC (EU) legislation; Europe introduced pollution legislation in July 1992; California had the worst vehicle pollution in the US, notably LA; the Clean Air Act; Rob Searles of Johnson Matthey; German environment minister Bernd Schmidbauer - Germany had over two-thirds of European car exports to the US; French physicist Hubert Curien, Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation from 1988 to 1993; chemistry graduate Margaret Thatcher being interviewed on 2 March 1989 on the BBC, and lean-burn engines; Bernard Bertrand, head of engine development of Peugeot; Shillington of BL; the new EC legislation in 1992 would outlaw lean-burn powered cars; Dutch automotive writer Gerard Sauer. Narrated by Nick Ross, directed by Nick Abson and Simon Broom, produced by Michael Blakstad (Editor from 1974 of Tomorrow's World), made by Workhouse 20 October The Elements, the poet Roger McGough narrates poetry for each element and how the Periodic Table came to be formed; 5% of the Earth's crust is iron; xenon is found in strobe lights; argon is in domestic incandescent light bulbs; the light bulb filament is tungsten, but reserves of tungsten are low. Directed by Ian Duncan, produced by David Dugan, made by Windfall Films (part of Argonon). Shown on 25 November 1992 on The Nature of Things in Canada 27 October The Strange Case of Crop Circles, an update to the documentary made in 1990, looking at why the 250 crop circles that appeared in the summer, that around 50% of the circles appeared in Wiltshire; the phenomenon took off after a circle near Westbury was pictured in a local newspaper in 1980; Tim Carson charged £1 per visitor to a circle in 1990, and 7,000 visited the Eastfield Pictogram at Alton Barnes, near Milk Hill; Steve Woolgar; Sir Francis Graham-Smith of the Royal Society, who dismissed those people interested in crop circles as mixed company who talked a lot of rubbish and it was a profit-less business to get involved with people who were completely hooked on the unknown; Serena Roney-Dougal; a youthful-looking Matt Ridley of The Economist said that since episodes with nuclear power in the 1970s, people had questioned evidence that scientists had told them; physicist Terence Meaden, who founded TORRO; Yoshi-Hiko Ohtsuki of Waseda University, who researched ball lightning. Narrated by Gavin Weightman, directed by Jill Freeman, and produced by her husband Michael Wills, made by Juniper Productions 3 November Human Waste, new ways of treating excrement such as dry compost toilets, oxidation pools and greenhouses. Directed by Kate Woods (Australian), made by John Blake Associates
Darshan Ranganathan (4 June 1941 – 4 June 2001) was an organic chemist from India who was known for her work in bio-organic chemistry, including "pioneering work in protein folding." She was also recognized for her work in "supramolecular assemblies, molecular design, chemical simulation of key biological processes, synthesis of functional hybrid peptides and synthesis of nanotubes."
Parenchyma () is the bulk of functional substance in an animal organ such as the brain or lungs, or a structure such as a tumour. In zoology, it is the tissue that fills the interior of flatworms. In botany, it is some layers in the cross-section of the leaf.
=== Trauma === The bony area that makes up the human eye socket provides exceptional protection to the sclera. However, if the sclera is ruptured by a blunt force or is penetrated by a sharp object, the recovery of full former vision is usually rare. If pressure is applied slowly, the eye is actually very elastic. However, most ruptures involve objects moving at some velocity. The cushion of orbital fat protects the sclera from head-on blunt forces, but damage from oblique forces striking the eye from the side is not prevented by this cushion. Hemorrhaging and a dramatic drop in intraocular pressure are common, along with a reduction in visual perception to only broad hand movements and the presence or absence of light. However, a low-velocity injury which does not puncture and penetrate the sclera requires only superficial treatment and the removal of the object. Sufficiently small objects which become embedded and which are subsequently left untreated may eventually become surrounded by a benign cyst, causing no other damage or discomfort.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Other uses == Operation Snowcap (1987-1994) a U.S. counter-narcotics trafficking program Snowcaps (song), a 1999 song by Unwed Sailor Snow Cap (story) by Matthew S. Armstrong from the graphic novel anthology Flight, see List of volumes of Flight
Seeking revenge against Kruger for inheriting his father's dojo, Biskes attacks the Dekarangers for their badges on Agent Abrella's behalf as part of the latter's smear campaign against them until Biskes is deleted by Deka Master. Biskes is voiced by Takeshi Kusao (草尾 毅, Kusao Takeshi). Sukekonian Mashu (スケコ星人マシュー, Sukeko Seijin Mashū): A fox-themed con artist from Planet Sukeko who is charged with manipulating, marrying, and killing 273 women via Psycho Mushrooms. Posing as a human named Hironobu (ヒロノブ), he targets Umeko. However, a suspicious Sen-chan confronts Mashu, who unwittingly exposes himself while bragging about his intentions before being deleted by Deka Pink S.W.A.T. Mode. Mashu is voiced by Osamu Hosoi (細井 治, Hosoi Osamu) while his human form is portrayed by Hiroyuki Matsumoto (松本 博之, Matsumoto Hiroyuki). Dynamoian Terry X (ダイナモ星人テリーX, Dainamo Seijin Terī Ekkusu): An inductor-themed criminal from Planet Dynamo who possesses arm-mounted, weaponized coilguns and is charged with absorbing ESPers' life forces and converting them into plasma batteries to sell on the black market, having done so across 445 planets long before S.P.D. was founded and having already been approved for deletion. Fifteen years prior, he captured then-rookies Hoji and Jasmine and nearly killed them before the pair's partner Gyoku Rou saved them and seemingly deleted Terry X. Having survived, Terry X resurfaces in the present with upgraded batteries he bought from Agent Abrella to renew his attempt to absorb Jasmine's life force, only to be overpowered by the Dekarangers.
From the early days of the development of AI, there have been arguments put forward by ELIZA creator Joseph Weizenbaum and others about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually should be done by them, given the difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative calculations and qualitative, value-based judgements. In April 2023, it was reported that image generation AI has resulted in 70% of the jobs for video game illustrators in China being lost. In July 2023, developments in generative AI contributed to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes. Fran Drescher, president of the Screen Actors Guild, declared that "artificial intelligence poses an existential threat to creative professions" during the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Voice generation AI has been seen as a potential challenge to the voice acting sector. However, a 2025 study concluded that the US labor market had so far not experienced a discernible disruption from generative AI. Another study reported that Danish workers who used chatbots saved 2.8% of their time on average, and found no significant change in earnings or hours worked.
Symptoms include daily abdominal and stomach pain, nausea, severe distension, vomiting, heartburn, dysphagia, diarrhea, constipation, dehydration and malnutrition. There is no cure for intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Different types of surgery and treatment managing life-threatening complications such as ileus and volvulus, intestinal stasis which lead to bacterial overgrowth, and resection of affected or dead parts of the gut may be needed. Many patients require parenteral nutrition. Ileus is a blockage of the intestines. Coeliac disease is a common form of malabsorption, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Lifelong dietary avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment. Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (enteric meaning intestinal), but their symptoms are not mainly associated with the intestine. Endometriosis can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS. Bowel twist (or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to bowel infarction and death.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It does not occur in the form that is supplied commercially. Its sequence matches a fragment of a larger gastric protein, and the research material is produced synthetically in a laboratory. The fragment described in the early literature is generally the same synthetic pentadecapeptide.
It marks the position of the sequence inside the original protein. The label traces back to early work fractionating gastric juice and describing a body protection compound. The figure does not refer to molecular weight or to the count of amino acids.
No. The sequence has no cysteine residues, so disulfide bridges cannot form. That feature makes it easier to handle than many small proteins that depend on multiple cysteines for structure.
Animal experiments form the bulk of the published record. Rodent models of tendon, ligament, bone, and gut injury are the most common designs. Controlled human trials are rare, which limits confidence in any clinical claim.